![nicole sullivan weight gain 2017 nicole sullivan weight gain 2017](https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/01/24/article-2267893-17254CB1000005DC-814_634x685.jpg)
Obesity secondary to excess calorie intake is a major risk factor for the development of a range of common disorders of human health including the following: type 2 diabetes (Guariguata et al, 2013), fatty liver (Yki‐Järvinen, 2014) and a number of cancers (Gallagher & Leroith, 2015).
![nicole sullivan weight gain 2017 nicole sullivan weight gain 2017](https://cdn-prod.medicalnewstoday.com/content/images/articles/321/321837/mature-woman-outside-looking-contemplative-considering-estrogen-and-weight-gain.jpg)
Recent studies indicate that the gut microbiota is important in the metabolic response to changes in dietary composition (Backhed et al, 2004 Turnbaugh et al, 2006 Vrieze et al, 2012). The traditional dogma that the gut microbiota is pathogenic has evolved with an appreciation of its important role in the maintenance of human health (Lynch & Pedersen, 2016). In the intestine are trillions of microorganisms which are collectively described as the gut microbiota. We show that IGF‐1R facilitates crosstalk between the EC and the gut wall this crosstalk protects against diet‐induced obesity, as a result of an altered gut microbiota.
![nicole sullivan weight gain 2017 nicole sullivan weight gain 2017](https://www.wonderwall.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/shutterstock_editorial_12591310p-2.jpeg)
The depletion of gut microbiota with broad‐spectrum antibiotics induces a loss of the favourable metabolic differences seen in hIGFREO mice. hIGFREO show an altered gene expression and altered microbial diversity in the gut, including a relative increase in the beneficial genus Akkermansia.
![nicole sullivan weight gain 2017 nicole sullivan weight gain 2017](https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/01/24/article-2267893-17256D38000005DC-449_1024x615_large.jpg)
After high‐fat feeding, hIGFREO weigh less, have reduced adiposity and have improved glucose tolerance. To examine this, we use gene‐modified mice with EC‐specific overexpression of human IGF‐1R (hIGFREO) and their wild‐type littermates. The role of ECIGF‐1R in the response to nutritional obesity is unexplored. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and its receptor (IGF‐1R) are critical for coupling nutritional status and cellular growth IGF‐1R is expressed in multiple cell types including EC. It is unknown whether EC can directly influence the microbiota. Research on the built environment and adults' weight gain may need to consider not just local environments but also a larger scale environment within a city or workplace environment in order to capture multiple behaviours relevant to weight gain.Changes in composition of the intestinal microbiota are linked to the development of obesity and can lead to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. This is consistent with other inconclusive findings on the built environment and obesity. Conclusions: Using a prospective study design and a novel space-syntax based measure of walkability, we were not able to identify relationships between neighbourhood walkability with weight gain. Among walkability components, there was a marginally significant negative association between space syntax measure of street integration and weight change: one standard deviation increment in street integration was associated with 0.31 kg less weight gain (p = 0.09). No significant associationswere found between the overall neighbourhood walkability indices and weight change. The two walkability indices were closely correlated (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). Results: The overall mean weight gain over four years was 1.5 kg. Linear marginal models using generalized estimating equations with robust standard errors were fitted to examine associations of the two walkability indices and their individual components with the weight at follow-up, adjusting for baseline weight, socio-demographic variables, and spatial clustering at the level of CCD. Neighbourhood walkability indices were calculated using geographic information systems and space syntax software. Participants reported their weight at baseline and at follow-up. In 2003-2004, 2650 adults living in 154 Census Collection Districts (CCDs) returned baseline questionnaires in 2007-2008, the follow-up survey was completed by 1098. Methods: Data were from the Physical Activity in Localities and Community study in Adelaide, Australia. We examined the longitudinal relationships of two walkability indices - conventional walkability and space syntax walkability, and their individual components, with weightchange among adults over four years. Most studies examining the relationships of walkability and adiposity are cross-sectional in design. Koohsari, Mohammad J., Oka, Koichiro, Shibata, Ai, Liao, Yung, Hanibuchi, Tomoya, Owen, Neville and Sugiyama, Takemiīackground: Inconsistent associations of neighbourhood walkability with adults' body weight have been reported.